Taken from the roll call in the town’s own minutes. The minutes record who was not there and almost never why.
What was decided (35 motions)
31 carried, 4 recorded otherwise. Every motion below is printed as the minutes print it.
THAT the County of Brant Council agenda and addendum of September 23, 2025 be approved, as amended. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Coleman
THAT Zoning By-Law Amendment Application ZBA13-25-RF received from James Scorgie, owner of the subject lands as identified CONCESSION 1 PART LOT 2, in the former Township of Oakland and municipally known as 233 Oakland Road, County of Brant proposing the following be APPROVED: 1. To amend the Zoning on the entire 0.14 hectares (0.36 acres) parcel from ‘Agriculture (A)’ to Suburban Residential (SR) to conform with the current Village Developed Area Official Plan (2023) Designation; 2. To apply a ‘Special Exemption’ to the ‘Suburban Residential (SR- 64)’ zone with a site-specific provision to permit a maximum lot coverage for all Accessory Structures of 228 square metres and to recognize the reduced interior side yard setback of 1.4 metres. AND THAT the reason(s) for approval are as follows: 1. The rezoning from Agriculture (A) to Suburban Residential (SR) aligns with the Village Developed Area designation of the County of Brant Official Plan (2023), thereby implementing the intent of the Official Plan. 2. The site-specific provision for the increased lot coverage of accessory structures and reduced interior side yard setback recognize the existing built form and will allow functional use of the property. 3. The amendment facilitates the continued residential use of the lands that are compatible with surrounding residential development. 4. The application conforms to the policies of the Official Plan and is in keeping with the intent of the Zoning By-Law. 5. The application is
Moved by Councillor Miller, seconded by Councillor Coleman
Carried
THAT the delegation from Darryl Lee, CEO Brant Municipal Enterprises with respect to BME’s 2024 Annual Report and Audited Financial Statements, be received as information; and THAT the 2024 BME Audited Financial Statements BE APPROVED. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Councillor Oakley
THAT the delegation from Jennifer Haley & Acting Inspector Jason McTaggart on behalf of the County of Brant O.P.P. Detachment Board be received as information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Howes, seconded by Councillor Kyle
THAT the delegation from Melissa Blackmore regarding childcare challenges be received as information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Howes, seconded by Councillor Garneau
THAT the delegation from Jim Young on behalf of the No Road Back Music Event be received as information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Howes, seconded by Councillor Oakley
THAT the delegation from Joanna Brant on behalf of the Sexual Assault Centre of Brant be received as information. Yes (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, and Councillor Coleman Absent (1): Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Kyle
THAT the delegation from Natasha Dobler, of Nova Vita Domestic Violence Prevention Services, be received as information. Yes (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, and Councillor Coleman Absent (1): Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Mayor Bailey
THAT the delegation from Penny McVicar on behalf of Victim Services of Brant be received as information. Yes (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, and Councillor Coleman Absent (1): Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Bell
THAT the delegation from Dave Scott on behalf of EJ Scott and Sons be received as information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Howes, seconded by Councillor Coleman
THAT the County of Brant Council Minutes of July 22, 2025 be approved. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Garneau, seconded by Councillor MacAlpine
THAT RPT-0355-25 Burford Fair Parking Exemption be received as information AND THAT the eastern portion of Park Avenue south of East Andrew Street, be temporarily exempted from subsection 8 j) of the County of Brant Parking By-law 004-19 to facilitate parking during the Burford Fair from October 11 to 12. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Kyle, seconded by Councillor Garneau
THAT Traffic Bylaw Number 182-05, Schedule K – Community Safety Zones, be repealed and replaced in order to provide a consolidated version of all the areas as per the following existing locations; Alexander Street - King Street to Brian Drive Beverly Street West - Scott Ave to Snowball Street Blossom Avenue - Colborne Street East to Brant County Road 18 Brant School Road - Colborne Street East to 400 metres south of Onondaga/Brant Public School Broadway Street East - Broadway Street West to Charlotte Street Broadway Street West - from William Street to Charlotte Street Burtch Road – 670 metres east of Mount Pleasant Road to 460 metres west of Mount Pleasant Road Church Avenue – Main Street North to 35 metres west of College Street Church Street West – Talbot Street to Finlay Street Cobblestone Drive - Grandville Circle to 20 metres east of Irongate Drive College Street - Beverly Street West to Church Avenue Glen Morris Road East - East River Road to McPherson School Road/Princess Street Grand River Street North - 20 metres south of Homestead Road, northerly to 8.5 metres south of Paris Links Road Grandville Circle - King Edward Street to Gibbons Road Grandville Circle - King Edward Street easterly at Grandville Circle intersection to Arlington Parkway to civic address 64 Grandville Circle Harley Road - From 720 metres southwest of Middle Townline Road, to 280 metres northeast of Middle Townline Road Irongate Drive - Cobblestone Drive to 20 me
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Coleman
THAT the following items be received as information: 8.2.2 County of Brant O.P.P. Detachment Board - Meeting Minutes of June 24, 2025 8.2.3 Elections Ontario Update 8.2.4 Town of Aurora Resolution - Opposition to Bill 5 8.2.5 Town of Grimsby Resolution - Endorsement of Motion to Opposition to Bill 5 8.2.6 Town of Aurora Resolution - Opposition to Bill 17 8.2.8 Township of Nairn and Hyman - Letter to Premier Doug Ford Opposing Transportation and Disposal of Niobium Tailings 8.2.10 Town of Grimsby Resolution - Endorsement of St. Catharines' Elect Respect Pledge 8.2.11 Township of Southgate Resolution - Support of St. Catharines' Elect Respect Pledge 8.2.12 Municipality of Strathroy-Caradoc Resolution - Support Blue Box Procedures 8.2.13 Township of North Glengarry Resolution - Producer Responsibility of Blue Boxes 8.2.14 Township of Armour Resolution - Post Transition of Blue Box 8.2.15 Township of Southgate Resolution - Increased Income Support Thresholds for Canadian Veterans 8.2.16 Township of North Glengarry Resolution - Advocacy for Increased Income Support Thresholds for Canadian Veterans 8.2.17 Township of Terrace Bay Resolution - Support of Firefighters Certification Requirements 8.2.18 Town of Petrolia Resolution - Firefighter Certification Requirements 8.2.19 Township of Larder Lake Resolution - Request for Extension of Certification Deadlines under Ontario Regulation 343/22 8.2.20 Township of Armour Resolution - Governance of Family Health Teams in Ontario County of
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Howes
That the following items be received as information: 8.2.1 RPT-0330-25 - Budget to Actual at July 31, 2025 - H. Mifflin and V. Graves 8.2.7 Municipality of Tweed - Proposal Letter to Premier Doug Ford Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Howes
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Miller
Deferred
THAT the Policy Development Committee Report and Minutes of September 2, 2025 be approved, noting the following recommendations: 1. THAT the delegation from John Wheat re: Community Grants be received as information. 2. THAT Staff Report RPT-0328-25 "Procedural By-law Update" be received as information; THAT the Procedural By-law be amended as outlined; AND THAT the by-law to repeal and replace the Procedural By-law be presented for Council's consideration following the required notice period. 4. THAT RPT-0315-25 Major Project Dashboard – September 2025 be received as information. 5. THAT RPT-0327-25
Moved by Councillor Coleman, seconded by Councillor Howes
THAT the County of Brant Council defer Item #3 of the Policy Development Committee. Yes (2): Councillor Oakley, and Councillor Bell No (9): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Councillor Oakley
Defeated
In favour (2): Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell · Opposed (9): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, Councillor Garneau
THAT item #3, the Solid Waste Management Master Plan (SWMMP be approved and, as follows: That the Solid Waste Management Master Plan (SWMMP) be approved; And that staff be directed to plan for the implementation of the recommended options noted in the SWMMP and summarized in Attachment One (1) – Appendix C: SWMMP – Implementation Plan. Yes (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau No (1): Councillor Bell
Moved by Councillor Howes, seconded by Councillor Oakley
Carried
In favour (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, Councillor Garneau · Opposed (1): Councillor Bell
That Recommendation No. 7 be amended to include the following clause: “THAT the County of Brant Council direct staff to include a clause in the application that requires them to be located in the County and/or 50% of the people they service to be County of Brant residents;” Yes (8): Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, and Councillor Garneau No (3): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Chambers, and Councillor Coleman
Moved by Councillor Miller, seconded by Councillor Howes
THAT the County of Brant Council approve item #7, as amended as follows: "THAT Staff Report RPT-0324-25 “2026 Community Grants Program” be received as information; THAT staff be directed to proceed to finalize application forms, scoring criteria and on-line application process for the 2026 Community Grants Program in partnership with the Brant Community Foundation; AND THAT the Brant Community Foundation be requested to implement a one-time follow-up process for organizations that miss a submission detail / requirement that would result in their disqualification," Yes (7): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, and Councillor Peirce No (4): Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Miller, seconded by Councillor Howes
That Recommendation 8 be amended as follows: Replace “be approved” with “be further investigated” Yes (7): Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau No (4): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor Howes, and Councillor Bell
Moved by Councillor Chambers, seconded by Councillor Miller
Carried
In favour (7): Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, Councillor Garneau · Opposed (4): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor Howes, Councillor Bell
THAT the County of Brant Council approve item #8, as amended as follows: "THAT Option 2 in the completed Municipal Accommodation Study, a consolidated municipal administration building, be further investigated;; AND that staff proceed with the first phase being a County wide site review process," Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Chambers, seconded by Councillor Miller
THAT the Administration and Operations Committee Report and Minutes of September 16, 2025 be approved, noting the following recommendations: 1. THAT the County of Brant (the County) enter into a multi-year agreement with the City of Guelph through the Grand River Purchasing Co-Operative Group (GRCPG), with the supplier being Compass Minerals Canada Corp. for the supply of treated and coarse salt, from the Fall of 2025 to the Spring of 2031. 2. THAT CPS-RFT-25-07 -Arlington Meadows Subdivision Park Construction be awarded to 39 Seven Inc. to construct Arlington Meadows Subdivision Park, 7 Becker Street at a cost of $2,294,490.50 plus HST. AND further, that the balance of funds required to cover park construction costs be funded from development charges at $225,000 and $25,000 from the Community Services Capital Reserve for PRT-183 (Grandville Phase 3/Arlington Meadows Park and Splashpad). 3. THAT the tax ratio for the property class New Multi-Residential (tax code NT) be set at 1.1; County of Brant Council Minutes Page 15 Tuesday, September 23, 2025 AND THAT the following tax rates for the New Multi-Residential property class be approved: AND THAT the amending by-laws to implement these recommendations be forwarded to Council for consideration. 4. THAT Staff Report RPT-0333-25 “Update to Corporate Finance Policies – Capital Budget Process and Financing & Debt Management” be received as information; THAT CPS-2025-03 – Debt Management Policy be adopted; AND THAT CPS-2025-04 – Ca
Moved by Councillor Kyle, seconded by Mayor Bailey
THAT the Paramedic Services Committee Report and Minutes of September 10, 2025 be approved, noting the following recommendations: 1. THAT report RPT-0337-25 Paramedic Services Statistical Package be received as information. 2. THAT Paramedic Services Committee receive report RPT-0250-25, 2026 Response Time Targets and Performance Plan, for information; THAT the 2026 Response Time Targets and Performance Plan, as outlined in RPT-0250-25, be approved and submitted to the Ministry of Health and Long- Term Care; AND THAT a pilot project be launched in 2026 to operationalize two (2) Paramedic Response Units in place of one transporting ambulance, as part of the strategy to support achieving the sudden cardiac arrest response time target of 60%. 3. THAT report RPT-0249-25 Paramedic Services Fleet Management Plan be received for information. 4. THAT Paramedic Services Committee receive report RPT-0317-25 Construction Status Update 5 on Brant-Brantford Paramedic Services Headquarters, for information. 5. THAT Staff Report RPTR-0293-25 – Paramedic Services 2026 Budget be
Moved by Councillor Miller, seconded by Mayor Bailey
Deferred
THAT the Paramedic Service Committee Report and Minutes of September 17, 2025 be approved, noting the following recommendations: 1. THAT report RPT-0293-25 - Paramedic Services 2026 Budget be received as information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Miller, seconded by Mayor Bailey
Carried
WHEREAS fees and charges for all Municipal services including applications, licenses and permits are established for recreational programs, facilities and services that are offered to meet the needs of the Community; THEREFORE, be it recommended that the following addition to the 2025 Municipal Fees & charges By-Law 119-24 be approved: Wilkin Family Community Centre – Friday and Saturday - Special Occasion Permit Events $400.00 Wilkin Family Community Centre – Sunday – Thursday Special Occasion Permit Events $325.00 AND further that the Municipal Alcohol Policy, Schedule “A,” Areas Designated for Conditional Use of Alcohol under a Special Occasion Permit be updated to include the Wilkin Family Community Centre, Advantage Maintenance Products Inc. Great Room and St. George Lawn Bowling Clubhouse. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor MacAlpine, seconded by Councillor Kyle
THAT the County of Brant Council receive the Cobblestone Elementary School Letters regards green bins as information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Oakley, seconded by Councillor Howes
That the resolution to formalize intimate partner violence be amended to include the following provisions: One-year service agreement, commencing April 1, 2026 (amended from three-year period); Recipients must develop a sustainability plan as it relates to the programming supported by the funding allotted. Yes (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Councillor Kyle
Carried
In favour (10): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, Councillor Garneau · Opposed (1): Councillor Miller
The County of Brant does hereby proclaim NOVEMBER 25th as The International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women WHEREAS November is Woman Abuse Prevention Month and November 25th is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women; and WHEREAS violence is the greatest gender inequality rights issue for women, girls and gender-diverse individuals. Our community is committed to ending femicide and all forms of gender-based violence; and WHEREAS Femicide rates are on the rise in Ontario, with over 26 femicides in Ontario since November 26th, 2024; and WHEREAS last year in Ontario, on average every 6 days a woman or child
Moved by Councillor Kyle, seconded by Councillor Howes
Lost
THAT County of Brant Council convene In Camera at 9:45 p.m. to discuss: Administrations and Operations In-Camera Report of September 16, 2025 As it related to S.239(2)(i) A trade secret, or scientific, technical, commercial, financial or labour relations information. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Kyle, seconded by Councillor Howes
THAT the following by-laws now be read a first time: 1. By-law Number 93-25 - Being a By-law to assume and dedicate Part 6, 7 and 8, 2R-8414 and Lots 78 and 79, RP 683 for public road purposes. 2. By-law Number 94-25 - Being a By-law to further amend By-law Number 61-16, being the Comprehensive Zoning By-law for the County of Brant, as amended. 3. By-law Number 95-25 - Being a By-law to amend By-law 20-25 (to provide for tax policies for 2025). 4. By-law Number 96-25 - Being a By-law to amend Tax Levy By-law 41-25 (The adoption of tax rates and to further provide for penalty and interest in default of payment thereof for 2025). 5. By-law Number 97-25 - Being a By-law to establish fees and charges to be collected by the Corporation of the County of Brant for 2025. 6. By-law Number 98-25 - Being a By-law to amend Traffic By-law Number 182-05 (Schedule 'K' - Community Safety Zones) 7. By-law Number 99-25 - Being a By-law to confirm the proceedings of Council.
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Councillor Chambers
Carried
THAT the following by-laws now be read a second time and all preambles and clauses be adopted: 1. By-law Number 93-25 - Being a By-law to assume and dedicate Part 6, 7 and 8, 2R-8414 and Lots 78 and 79, RP 683 for public road purposes. 2. By-law Number 94-25 - Being a By-law to further amend By-law Number 61-16, being the Comprehensive Zoning By-law for the County of Brant, as amended. 3. By-law Number 95-25 - Being a By-law to amend By-law 20-25 (to provide for tax policies for 2025). 4. By-law Number 96-25 - Being a By-law to amend Tax Levy By-law 41-25 (The adoption of tax rates and to further provide for penalty and interest in default of payment thereof for 2025). 5. By-law Number 97-25 - Being a By-law to establish fees and charges to be collected by the Corporation of the County of Brant for 2025. 6. By-law Number 98-25 - Being a By-law to amend Traffic By-law Number 182-05 (Schedule 'K' - Community Safety Zones) 7. By-law Number 99-25 - Being a By-law to confirm the proceedings of Council. County of Brant Council Minutes Page 26 Tuesday, September 23, 2025 Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Councillor Chambers
THAT the following by-laws now be read a third time passed, signed and executed: 1. By-law Number 93-25 - Being a By-law to assume and dedicate Part 6, 7 and 8, 2R-8414 and Lots 78 and 79, RP 683 for public road purposes. 2. By-law Number 94-25 - Being a By-law to further amend By-law Number 61-16, being the Comprehensive Zoning By-law for the County of Brant, as amended. 3. By-law Number 95-25 - Being a By-law to amend By-law 20-25 (to provide for tax policies for 2025). 4. By-law Number 96-25 - Being a By-law to amend Tax Levy By-law 41-25 (The adoption of tax rates and to further provide for penalty and interest in default of payment thereof for 2025). 5. By-law Number 97-25 - Being a By-law to establish fees and charges to be collected by the Corporation of the County of Brant for 2025. 6. By-law Number 98-25 - Being a By-law to amend Traffic By-law Number 182-05 (Schedule 'K' - Community Safety Zones) 7. By-law Number 99-25 - Being a By-law to confirm the proceedings of Council. Yes (11): Mayor Bailey, Councillor Kyle, Councillor MacAlpine, Councillor Howes, Councillor Oakley, Councillor Bell, Councillor Peirce, Councillor Miller, Councillor Chambers, Councillor Coleman, and Councillor Garneau
Moved by Councillor Bell, seconded by Councillor Chambers